Road construction and landscaping disturbs soil conditions and runoff behaviour over hundreds of miles and releases enormous amounts of foreign material into the ecosystem. Thus, minimising the environmental impact of highways begins with the road-building process.
The choice of materials and the methods employed to utilise those resources to build the road determine the environmental impact of road construction materials, respectively. In general, although the design and construction techniques of roads produce mechanical harm (erosion, soil disruption, watershed alterations), the materials used for road construction have an impact on the chemical composition of the surrounding environment (via the toxicity of leachate, runoff and groundwater). However, there are connections between mechanical and chemical effects.
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